Psychologists
humanistic
positive
existential
behaviorism
Ivan Pavlov
Russian and Soviet physiologist (1849-1936). He won the 1904 Nobel Prize for digestive physiology, a
B. F. Skinner
American behaviorist (1904-1990), founder of behavior analysis. He formulated operant conditioning a
Edward Thorndike
American psychologist (1874-1949). Puzzle-box experiments made animal learning measurable; his law o
Edward C. Tolman
American psychologist and the leading neo-behaviorist of his generation (1886-1959). His 1932 Purpos
cognitive
George Armitage Miller
American psychologist (1920-2012) whose 1956 paper "The Magical Number Seven" named the short-term m
Robert Sternberg
Robert J. Sternberg (born 1949) is an American psychologist at Cornell University, best known for th
Elizabeth Loftus
U.S. cognitive psychologist (b.1944). Her 1974 car-crash study showed verb choice can rewrite memory
Howard Gardner
American developmental psychologist (born 1943), Harvard professor and long-time Project Zero direct
Aaron Beck
American psychiatrist (1921-2021) at the University of Pennsylvania who founded cognitive therapy an
Albert Ellis
American clinical psychologist (1913-2007) who founded rational therapy in 1955, later renamed ratio
Daniel Kahneman
Israeli-American psychologist (1934-2024). With Amos Tversky founded the heuristics-and-biases progr
Hans Eysenck
German-born British psychologist (1916-1997). Fleeing Nazi Germany in the 1930s, he earned his Ph.D.
Walter Mischel
Austrian-born American psychologist (1930-2018) whose 1968 book Personality and Assessment triggered
Steven Pinker
Canadian-American cognitive psychologist, psycholinguist, and public intellectual (born 1954). Johns
developmental
Harry Harlow
U.S. psychologist (1905-81). His 1958 surrogate-mother work showed infant monkeys prefer contact com
Jean Piaget
Swiss developmental psychologist (1896-1980). A malacologist who turned to cognition while scoring B
Lev Vygotsky
Belarusian-born Soviet psychologist (1896-1934) sometimes called the Mozart of psychology. In barely
Lawrence Kohlberg
American psychologist (1927-1987) who extended Piaget to moral judgment, proposing six stages from p
Erik Erikson
German-American psychologist (1902-1994) who coined identity crisis and mapped life as eight psychos
Mary Ainsworth
American-Canadian developmental psychologist (1913-1999) who empirically grounded attachment theory.
John Bowlby
British psychiatrist (1907-1990) who built attachment theory by bridging psychoanalysis and ethology
experimental
Wilhelm Wundt
German physiologist (1832-1920). Founded the first psychology lab at Leipzig in 1879, marking psycho
Theodor Lipps
Theodor Lipps (1851-1914) was a German philosopher and psychologist who, as professor at Munich from
Hermann von Helmholtz
German physiologist-physicist (1821-1894). His 1847 paper formalised energy conservation; in 1849 he
Hermann Ebbinghaus
German psychologist (1850-1909) who turned memory into laboratory science. Using himself as sole sub
Alfred Binet
Alfred Binet (1857-1911) was a French psychologist who, with Theodore Simon, invented the first prac
Francis Galton
British statistician (1822-1911). Darwin's cousin, he founded individual-differences psychology, inv
Wolfgang Köhler
German-American psychologist and a founder of Gestalt psychology (1887-1967). From 1913 to 1917 on T
Donald O. Hebb
Canadian psychologist and the founder of neuropsychology (1904-1985). His 1949 book The Organization
psychoanalysis
Jean-Martin Charcot
French neurologist (1825-1893) who turned the vast Salpetriere asylum in Paris into Europe's first n
Jacques Lacan
French psychiatrist and psychoanalyst (1901-1981) who reread Freud through structural linguistics an
Melanie Klein
Austrian-British psychoanalyst (1882-1960) and a primary pioneer of child analysis. Born to a Jewish
Anna Freud
Austrian-British psychoanalyst (1895-1982), the youngest daughter of Sigmund Freud, who became a co-
Carl Jung
Swiss psychiatrist (1875-1961), founder of analytical psychology. Coined the collective unconscious,
Sigmund Freud
Austrian founder of psychoanalysis (1856-1939). Devised free association and dream interpretation, t
Karen Horney
German-American psychoanalyst and psychiatrist (1885-1952). A founder of the neo-Freudian Cultural S
Alfred Adler
Austrian psychiatrist (1870-1937), founder of Individual Psychology. An early Wednesday Society memb
Erich Fromm
German-American social psychologist, psychoanalyst and humanistic philosopher (1900-1980) who bridge
social
Stanley Milgram
American social psychologist (1933-1984) who, prompted by the Holocaust and the Eichmann trial, cond
Albert Bandura
Canadian-American psychologist (1925-2021) who taught at Stanford for over half a century and founde
Solomon Asch
Polish-American Gestalt social psychologist (1907-1996). His 1951 conformity studies showed that ove
Leon Festinger
American social psychologist (1919-1989) who originated the theory of cognitive dissonance (1957) an
Henri Tajfel
Polish-born British social psychologist (1919-1982) and a Holocaust survivor who lost most of his im
Philip Zimbardo
American social psychologist (1933-2024) best known for the 1971 Stanford Prison Experiment, a study
Kurt Zadek Lewin
German-American psychologist and the founder of modern social, organizational, and applied psycholog