Psychologists
humanistic
developmental
existential
cognitive
social
behaviorism

Ivan Pavlov
Russian and Soviet physiologist (1849-1936). He won the 1904 Nobel Prize for digestive physiology, a

B. F. Skinner
American behaviorist (1904-1990), founder of behavior analysis. He formulated operant conditioning a

Edward Thorndike
American psychologist (1874-1949). Puzzle-box experiments made animal learning measurable; his law o
experimental

Wilhelm Wundt
German physiologist (1832-1920). Founded the first psychology lab at Leipzig in 1879, marking psycho

Hermann Ebbinghaus
German psychologist (1850-1909) who turned memory into laboratory science. Using himself as sole sub

Hermann von Helmholtz
German physiologist-physicist (1821-1894). His 1847 paper formalised energy conservation; in 1849 he

Francis Galton
British statistician (1822-1911). Darwin's cousin, he founded individual-differences psychology, inv
psychoanalysis

Sigmund Freud
Austrian founder of psychoanalysis (1856-1939). Devised free association and dream interpretation, t

Carl Jung
Swiss psychiatrist (1875-1961), founder of analytical psychology. Coined the collective unconscious,

Alfred Adler
Austrian psychiatrist (1870-1937), founder of Individual Psychology. An early Wednesday Society memb

Jean-Martin Charcot
French neurologist (1825-1893) who turned the vast Salpetriere asylum in Paris into Europe's first n

Jacques Lacan
French psychiatrist and psychoanalyst (1901-1981) who reread Freud through structural linguistics an







