Modern man has been freed from the bonds of pre-individualistic society, which simultaneously gave him security and limited him. He has not yet gained freedom in the positive sense of the realization of his individual self.

Erich Fromm

Psychologists

Erich Fromm

German-American social psychologist, psychoanalyst and humanistic philosopher (1900-1980) who bridged the Frankfurt School and the neo-Freudian movement after fleeing Nazi Germany in 1934. He analysed the psychological roots of Nazism in Escape from Freedom (1941), critiqued modern alienation in The Sane Society (1955), redefined love as an active capacity in The Art of Loving (1956), and contrasted having and being modes of existence in To Have or To Be? (1976). His work shaped political psychology, humanistic ethics and critical theory through the second half of the twentieth century. Critics charge his theories with thin empirical grounding and a political tilt toward democratic socialism.

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